Modern Translation Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Modern Translation Technology - Essay Example Translation is the transfer of literal information from one form to a form desired by the user. This may include the transfer of information from one language to another or the interpretation of information from a technical form to a form that is familiar with the recipient; for example the translation of scientific and technical information to a layman language. Technology is at the heart of all these activities with the language translating software playing a major role in translation. With the widespread use of smartphone and other computerized resources, they are used to translate various print materials to electronic materials (Cronin 2013, p.1). The use of copyrighted materials in the various website has created controversy with the technology enabling the access of copyrighted electronic material (Song 2011, p.58). This has led to the infringement of the rights of the owners of the material. The increased demand for translation in line with the 24hour economy has made increase d application of technology in translation is inevitable. Technology has had its toll in translation and more effects are expected in the near future. Anybody can translate information, though this may lead to distortion of the original information in the process thus the need for professional translators. Therefore, not all translators are professional and not all information available in the translation software is always correct since they are all created by human beings and are likely to have errors, thus a professional translator should be consulted to ensure the correct information is passed on. Translation has, therefore, become one of the basic language skills in the modern world.Translation is an age-old art that has been practiced since time immemorial. The lack of recognition of translated work may have set a shadow on translation for a very long time until recently when technology started being applied in translation.

Reflective Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Reflective Discussion - Essay Example The fact that I could not perform well and the falling expectations that I had from myself made me lose interest in my studies. When I started this independent learning module, I was both a bit reluctant and sceptical. This is because the major way that I learnt was through the lectures given by teachers. I had not been in the habit of learning on my own unless it was to prepare for a test or to do an assignment. Independent learning did not seem to be of any use to me, since I had developed the attitude that when left on my own, I would give other things priority over my learning and education. However the full impact of the module was yet to unfold. Starting the module with scepticism, I saw my attitude and perception towards self-directed learning change over the course of the module. The experience of pursuing information on my own and learning for the sake of learning, without having a supervisor directing me to study taught me a number of things. The experience also brought my strengths and weaknesses to surface. Initially, independent learning was an arduous task for me. I knew that I had to study and it made me feel guilty when I used to waste time in the first few days of the module. However, it took me a class on self-motivation to realize where my problem lay. The class made me aware of my inaptitude to focus on goal-oriented learning. I realized that I lacked the intrinsic drive to study on my own and regulate my own learning. This encouraged me to take a series of steps to solve the problem. I asked my peers who performed well about how they study and balance their study and social life. I read literature on self-motivation. Moreover, I started implementing the philosophy of kaizen into my daily routine. Instead of delaying my assignments till the last day, I started work on them timely. I set short-term goals for myself, rewarding myself when I achieved them. Thus I gradually brought about little changes in my daily routine. These experiences made me appreciate my ability to identify the problem at hand and take concrete measures to counter it. I realized that where there is a will, there is a way. If a person is motivated and dedicated towards the achievement of his/her goals, he is most likely going to achieve them no matter how many challenges come in the way. However one weakness that independent learning highlighted was my tendency to become isolated. Effective independent learning requires that the individual engages in discussions with his/her teacher (CILL 2009). However I felt that I became very isolated with my peers and teachers towards the latter half o f the module. I believe that interaction with the tutor is necessary for not only clearing the misconceptions regarding the course work and understanding any concepts that the student does not comprehend, but also for providing guidance to the student. I feel that I did not have adequate interaction with my tutors and peers. There were some things in the course work that I did not get. Initially I remember that I did approach teachers or a peer for help. However later in the module, as I became involved in my own work, my interaction with my peers and teachers decreased so much so that I felt hesitant when it came to approaching them for help. This hesitance did have its consequences. I spent a longer period of time understanding a concept on my own as compared to the time I would have spent if I had received directive from an external source. Moreover

Providing Rehabilitative Care To People Post Stroke Life Nursing Essay

Providing Rehabilitative Care To People Post Stroke Life Nursing Essay Stroke is a catastrophic event for survivors and their families because significant numbers of stroke survivors experience biophysical and psychosocial limitations after they return to home (Oswald 2008, p.241). Stroke is a common disabling disease that requires the involvement of family caregivers for patients successful rehabilitation (Lui Thompson 2005, p. 2514). After a stroke most people return to their home environment quickly despite suffering from various impairments and disabilities; most often without having received any care and rehabilitation services to reduce or compensate these dysfunctions (Vincent et al 2007, p. 21). Timely access to appropriate rehabilitation services for stroke survivors is needed to optimize recovery and reduce the long-term burden of stroke for patients, families and communities (Dawson et al, 2008, 174). Family caregivers play a key role in the rehabilitative care for stroke survivors, who require prolonged periods of recovery outside structured health care settings. Providing care to stroke survivors in home settings is an increasingly common experience (McCann Christiansen, 1996 ,p.914). However, family caregivers are usually faced with lack of health care education and they need assistance in learning how to manage to help the survivors in activities of daily living (ADL) and other aspects of physical care. Instrumental support, including social support, help with transportation, and financial support or compensation are also commonly requested by caregivers (Grant et al.2006, p.67). In general, care giving responsibilities follow a hierarchical order with spouses being preferred most often, followed by adult children, other relatives, and finally friends and neighbours (Moore et al. 2002, p.291). In Iran the situation is the same, the stroke survivors are usually referred to public or private care centres and to their own homes after discharge from hospital. This may result in many difficulties and long-term problems for stroke survivors and their family caregivers (Dalvandi et al, 2010). In Iran, there seems to be a lack of supportive systems in home care services as well as in knowledge and skills among family caregivers can be assumed to lead suffering from complications and probably even from less effective recovery processes for both patients and their families (Alaei, 2008,p. 7). Therefore, we need to explore the experiences of Iranian stroke survivors family caregivers about the providing rehabilitative care in order to identify aspects that should be con sidered in developing delivery rehabilitation care for both patients and their families.. Aim and research questions The aim of this study was to explore the experiences of family caregivers about the providing rehabilitative care for stroke survivors at home. The following questions were raised: How do Iranian family caregivers experience the provision of rehabilitative care at home after stroke? How should the rehabilitative care for stroke survivors assistance be provided and organized? Method The constant comparative method (CCM) was used in this study. The constant comparative method of analyzing qualitative data combines inductive category, coding with a simultaneous composition of all units of meaning obtained (Glaser Strauss,1967). According to Boeije (2002) the constant comparative method together with theoretical sampling constitute the core of qualitative analysis in the grounded theory approach developed by Glaser and Strauss, 1967; Strauss, 1987; Glaser 1992.(p.391-394) .The constant comparative method, which can be seen as the core category of grounded theory, includes that every part of data, i.e. emerging codes, categories, properties, and dimensions as well as different parts of the data, are constantly compared with all other parts of the data to explore variations, similarities and differences in data. The constant comparative method of grounded theory is strict enough to be helpful to the researcher in exploring the content and meaning in the data, but no t saddled with so many strict rules to be too rigid for a grounded theory researcher (Hallberg, 2006, P.141-145). According to Strauss and Corbin (1998) the art of comparison has to do with creative processes and with the interplay between data and researcher when gathering and analysing data. The cycle of comparison and reflection on old and new material can be repeated several times, it is only when new cases do not bring any new information to light that categories can described as saturated (Boeije ,2002,p. 391-394). Participants Twelve family caregivers participated in the study .The characteristics are shown in Table 1: Insert Table 1. The inclusion criteria for selecting family caregivers was: those family members who had the main responsibility to take care for stroke survivors in stroke survivors homes, such as offspring, spouses or other relatives, willingness to participate in this study, being able to communicate in Farsi and reside in an urban area in Tehran. The first author (AD) referred to hospitals and rehabilitation clinics formally and asked for permission to undertake the study. After the permission, he read more than 400 stroke survivors documents and then selected 35 case documents based on inclusion criteria. Then researcher contacted participants by telephone with the permission of universitys authorities. They were informed about the aims of the study and their rights as participants, and were asked to participate in the study. Finally twelve family caregivers agreed to participate in the study. Data-collections Techniques Data were collected through open-ended interviews and observational field notes. The open-ended interviews started with a general question: As a family caregiver, how do you experience providing rehabilitation care of a survivor after stroke at home? Then, step by step the interview continued to more specific and directed questions. Probing was performed according to the reflections offered by each respondent but sought to cover themes such as their experiences of the post-stroke life and the role of family caregivers in this situation. Interviews lasted between 45 to 60 minutes. The venues of the interviews were chosen by the participants at the survivors homes and it took from February 2007 to June 2007. In two cases, a second interview was conducted after some ambiguities had aroused during the first. During interview main researcher have been observed and considered all situations regarding the participants and focus on what participants said about doing one thing but in reality they are doing something else. Data Analysis All interviews were tape-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed word by word and then approved by some participants, together with the observational field notes. Following Corbin Strauss (2008, p.160-167) instructions, data collection and data analysis took place simultaneously by using the process of constant comparative analysis method. Every interview was analyzed directly after the interview in order to identify ideas, which guided the next interview. During the phase of open coding, the researchers thoroughly read all interviews several times word by word and selected incidents, facts, key words or phrases in the text as in vivo codes (codes which directly came from interview with participants, not from other sources). In this phase, 482 primary codes were extracted. Open coding requires a brainstorming approach to analysis because, in the beginning, analyst wants to open up the data to all potentialities and possibilities contained within them (Corbin Strauss, 2008, p.160). Whereas open coding fractures the data into concepts and categories, axial coding puts those data back together in new ways by making connections between categories and subcategories. Thus axial coding refers to the process of developing main categories and their sub-categories. Then, the codes were compared to contents in order to find points of similarities and differences as base for those categories and sub-categories that were developed. These codes outlined properties and dimensions of each category and subcategory. This process resulted in eight conceptual categories. After axial coding at the end of the process, in selective coding phase, the core variable was identified. lack of continuity in rehabilitative care, which was clearly observed in all data, was identified as a core variable. Selective coding involves the integration of the categories that have been developed to form the initial theoretical framework (Corbin Strauss 2008, 163). Trustworthiness The conformability and credibility of the data were established in 3 main ways: First, the participants were contacted after the analysis and were given a full transcript of their coded interviews with a summary of the emergent themes to determine whether the codes and themes were true to their point of view (member check). Four participants chose to validate their transcripts and a few minor comments regarding spelling were made. As a further validity check, faculty members checked about half of all transcripts (peer check) when researcher presented the aim process and summary of data gathering. Finally, all the authors checked an English version of the coding and the coherence of the categories .The researcher documented the steps followed in the research and the decisions made to save the audit ability for other researchers to perform the steps of the research in future studies. Ethical considerations This study has been approved by Iranian National ethical committee in the Ministry of Health Medical Education (P/361-31/JUL/2005). All participants have received information about the aim of the study and what is expected from them as study participants. They also were informed that the participation is voluntary and they have the right to terminate their participation any time they want, without giving a reason, and their right to confidentiality. They also were informed that their continued care or rehabilitation was not dependent by their decision to participate or not. The researcher used all his attempts to make the participants comfortable to tell about their experiences and needs freely, and tried to note any non verbal signs of wishes for going out from the study, all participants signed the written informed consent paper after reading it carfully. When participants needed to have counselling in their homes, researcher coordinated by experts rehabilitation and some time researcher referred them to Neuro-rehabilitation clinic and also with hospitals to follow his/her problems clinically or in-patiently. Findings The participants ranged in age from 20 to 68 years. Seven main categories were identified within the analysis process: family integrity, modifying homes environment, managing co-morbidities, accessibility of rehabilitative services, expanding nurses roles, utilizing social insurance, and acquiring knowledge and skills. Family integrity conceptualized the way the participants continued their attempts to maintain family structure and function despite of the complications caused by the stroke. Modifying homes environment experienced as to facilitate the stroke survivors to live at home conveniently, and managing co- morbidities perceived as essential to prevent recurrent of strokes by controlling other symptom and diseases. Accessibility to rehabilitative services experienced as inappropriate and misdistribution of these services. Expanding nurses roles means that nurses roles should be developed as coordinator in rehabilitation teams to decrease biophysical and psychosocial limitations. Utilizing social insurance wished for as the main rehabilitation supportive service, acquiring knowledge and skills perceived as the basic needs for facing with the stroke event and help caregivers to accept the reality of their own situation. Conceptual relationship statements Researcher inferred that the lack continuity of rehabilitation care at survivors homes is the main variable concepts on the advancement of the providing of survivors rehabilitation because family caregivers experience accessing to services and covering rehabilitation services by social insurances could provide continually for leading, helping and supporting survivors to be independent sooner. In this way they perceived that special educational programs and skills are needed to be well-adapted with new situations. It causes the pressure on family members would be made less. As the part of Iranian cultural values, Islamic religious believes, preserving, unity ,maintain family structure and emotional feeling during event are the essential strategies which families adapt with .In this case family caregivers have been involved to continue providing rehabilitation care and changing home environment to facilitate better situation for survivors in their homes. Lack of continuity of rehabilitation care services cause overload working by family care givers such as survivors; lifting, transferring, feeding and caring because fatigue, frustrations and loss of energy. Therefore assisting by lay care givers could help them a lot especially during the first few months in this process. Lack of knowledge and skills regarding survivors care made them to be agitated and later on disappointed. They believed that the nurses roles are as important as the family care givers on the recovery of these patients regarding education and skills, introducing recourse, emotional support and medicine recommendations, timely teaching of patients and caregivers, and assessment and information exchange regarding patient progress and care needs. Lack of access to these services could delay survivors recovery. Continuity of care specifically relates to the nurses continued presence with the patients and involved coordination of the multi professional teams diverse efforts. Nurses, interacting with patients and relatives frequently throughout the day in many diverse situations, are in a unique position to facilitate the interpretive work that stroke survivors and their families go through and which is a prerequisite for moving ahead in the adjustment and rehabilitation processes following a stroke. Family integrity Family caregivers experienced that maintaining integrity, morale and durability were important to maintain family structure and their roles despite of the complications caused by the stroke. Family caregivers were also forced to look for new ways to compromise with this real event, as the part of their Iranian cultural values, Islamic religious believes, unity and emotional feeling that were the essential strategies which families had adapted. Whereas in Iran, family structure is so important for its members, therefore religious and emotional behaviors help us to stand, It should be continue by culture and empowered (Family caregiver 2), Modifying home environment Participants perceived that after the unpredictable event of stroke, their home environment needed to be changed, depending on survivors condition. The changes aimed at helping both the survivors and the family caregivers to play their roles better and live an active life by participating in the family life, whatever is available at home. We have to change the home environment to help survivors by using devices such as grab bars in bathroom, a raised toilet seat and a long-handled brush, and also electric toothbrush and an electric razor. (Family caregiver 9). Managing co- morbidities Participant perceived that managing other symptoms like body pain, and diseases such as diabetes and cardiovascular disorders, as well as hypercholesterolemia and obesity were important to prevent recurrent period and prevent progressive diseases. I have tried to manage other disease such blood pressure, diabetes and cardiovascular disorders with helping Doctors and nurses as well the control of dietaries and drugs management ,besides of stroke and its complications (family caregiver 6). Accessibility to rehabilitative services There are only a few special rehabilitation centres for stroke survivors in Iran and usually the stroke patients are referred to public or private caring centres and  to their own homes, because these clinics are very far from their homes. These services were regarded to be expensive and not easy to access from home and community, therefore stroke survivors and their family caregivers suffered of not receiving rehabilitation services. My family has lost their energy and in times, we are so tired and agitated If somebody comes to our home for caring and helping us it would be fantastic (Family caregiver5). I really need to get some facilities in my place, close to my home, suitable for our incomes; going far from my home is very expensive to access and so difficult for me and my family as well to bring services in our home (Family caregiver 11) . Expanding nurses roles Most participants experienced that nurses have a multidimensional role in rehabilitative care and they can act as team coordinators and educators for patients and their families. They were also regarded to be able to promote healthy lifestyle, advocate available recourses, nutrition, and medication, rehabilitative care recommendations to survivors and family caregivers, as well as prevention of stroke relapse. Nurses have a sense of advocacy and morale besides the care delivering, this is a fact, and I do emphasis that the role of nurses for patients is vital and important.(Family caregiver 3) Utilizing social insurance Participants regarded their friends or family members as the source of encouragement to seek social support. They experienced that social support from relatives, community and close personal relationship each has a beneficial effect in stroke patients life. The social support from them gave a sense of self-confidence and self-sufficiency in stroke survivors. Family caregivers expressed also that lack of assistant to care and insufficient social insurances for covering and receiving services from therapists caused the families a burden. The provision of social support was regarded to help the survivors to be enforced regarding the sense of belonging to others and also to friendship. During these times my family network visited and encouraged us to be happy and satisfied, I am so grateful to them because they come at my home to give a lift again.(Family caregiver 4). The cost of care and treatment that are extra in our life , if we had more support in advance, it would be more helpful and could be more effective.(Family caregiver 10). Acquiring knowledge and skills Family caregivers experienced lack of knowledge and skills to provide care for the survivors and deal with new situation; they perceived the need for information and education at their homes regarding transferring, lifting, feeding, drug taking and how to care I faced with lack of information and skills related to the event, the provision of supportive education is necessary for stroke survivors and their family caregivers from hospital to home , I dont know what to do (Family caregiver 12) Discussion The first author (AD) faced with some limitations in this study, such as cultural barriers to be accepted into the participants houses. The study shows that the need of continuity of care and rehabilitation services is pivotal for promotion of ADL and the health situation of stroke survivors and their family caregivers, after discharge from hospital. Depending on survivors situation, communication between family caregivers and rehabilitative care providers could be coordinated to improving rehabilitative care issue in order to achieve self-care and self-management. Even the social support from relatives was a strategy which was used and recommended by the family caregivers of stroke survivors. Thus, the delivery of continuous support and rehabilitative care is needed to reduce burden of care giving. Lack of continuity of rehabilitation was extracted as core concepts among data and concepts and related categories because family care givers have been following the process of receiving rehabilitation services for reducing physical disturbances; socio psychological limitation and help survivors to be self -independence ,they believed social insurance could involve these services at the survivors homes ,provide the transportations to rehabilitation centers and support nursing care and lay care givers for preventing of family burden. They experience that lack of these kinds of supports resulting in: cause less integrity and enduring among family members despite of their efforts and to incomplete rehabilitation services for stroke survivors. Family caregivers need many skills and have many difficulties associated with the involvement and tasks of care giving (Bakas et al 2004,p.243). Establishing comprehensive intervention programs in order to address the unique needs of individual family caregivers is emerging as a critical focus for research, as well as an important topic for policymakers, both in Iran and other countries. Han Haley (1999,p. 1479) also mean that stroke survivors have, besides of stroke and its complications, other diseases, such as diabetes, blood pressure, cardiovascular disorders, and even these needs to be taken into consideration in dietaries and drugs management. Our study participants expressed the need of education programs. Bakas et als study (2004,p.245) show that family caregivers have concerns about managing the symptoms and deficits of the stroke survivor. Lui Thompson 2005,p. 2515) indicate that teaching family caregivers to cope with these problems and to relieve their stress is essential. There is also some evidence that caregivers well-being affects even the health and recovery of stroke patients (ibid.). Our study findings show the same in Iranian context. Our study shows also that the home environments need to be modified, as the modifications can help the family caregiver to play their roles better and to have active daily lives. Vanhook (2009) found that that the quality and quantity modification in home environments depends on survivors condition although there is minimal consideration of the psychological, social, environmental needs during and after rehabilitation: when the survivor returns home, the environment is a foreign one (Vanhook, 2009 ,p.7). The participants in our study considered that there is need to expand the roles of nurses in rehabilitative care. As Steiner (2007) claims, nurses have a holistic approach through coordinating and integrating with other team members to deliver rehabilitation services for survivors and help caregivers to manage the situation. Besides, nurses are often the first to interact with the stroke patient in both acute care and intensive rehabilitation. Using evidence-based knowledge, the nurse has the responsibility to expand the nursing history to include such factors as previous cognitive state, previous perceptions of health status, present role within the family dynamic, previous self-concept, cultural influences, and relationships both personal and social. In our multicultural society, it is also imperative that we recognize and develop an understanding of the power of ethnicity as it relates to individuals health perception, thus affecting the recovery process. Steiner (2007,p.48-54) The participants in our study experienced that providing informations and appropriate education in responding to their needs, were the most important and valuable things which improve efficacy of these services. Family caregivers perceived that covering of rehabilitative services by social insurances agencies can help survivors and their family caregivers to get better rehabilitation facilities and improve functional performances. The social insurances can also reduce stress in the survivors situation by providing lay caregivers for helping family members.. Previous studies have examined the effect of different types of social support on functional recovery after stroke (Friedland McColl 1992, p.575), similarly to our study showed that social support from family, community and from close personal relationships each has a beneficial effect in stroke patients. As Shah (2006,p. 472) and Weimar et al. (2002,p. 2055) claim, the post stroke family support, financial status, and community resources should be evaluated to optimize successful return to the community. This study confirms the results of Oswald et al (2008,p.245) who found that stroke is expected to continue to be a major concern for survivors, their families and health and social care providers because stroke continues to affect the survivors and their family members life situation a long time. Besides, most stroke survivors live in the community and are assisted by family caregivers, especially by spouses. Stroke-related impairments and post stroke depression interfere with recovery and result in impaired relationships and reduced life satisfaction for the survivors and their spouses.By increasing the patients participation in rehabilitation, their ability to solve problems in ADL and to transfer knowledge to new situations we hope that patients and relatives satisfaction in daily life will increase. Conclusion The study illustrates that the family caregivers are stricken of the stroke because the providing care for stroke survivor in order to rehabilitate the survivor major engagement is needed from the family caregivers. Enhanced discharge planning and nurses follow-up with collaboration of stroke survivors families should be considered as essential in maintaining the well-being of the family caregivers and bridging the gap between the hospital and the community , reducing family burden ,receiving high quality of rehabilitative care and make decisions regarding their own life and care. Relevance to clinical practice There is a need to develop family caregivers abilities to provide care that is more suitable to survivors needs. Both educational practice and financial support should be provided to the stroke survivors and their family caregivers in order to enhance better coping in the difficult life situation. Social and emotional support should also be provided to minimize the family members burden and help them managing the consequences of stroke. Therefore, the Iranian Government should improve the social and financial support and order a social insurance for stroke survivors and their family caregivers both by public and private social insurance agencies. There is also a need for organizing and extending rehabilitation services in health programs for reducing physical dysfunction, thus helping the patients and their family caregivers to apply better role performances and encourage independency in activities of daily living. Further, a rehabilitation team should plan and focus on functional disturbance and social support. There is also a need to write a stroke rehabilitation protocol that coordinates team work. In this work, nurses experiences are highly needed. Funding: This study is funded by deputy of research at University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences. Conflicts of Interest: The first researchers have no conflicts of interest regarding financial support and official affairs in this study.

Cather in the Rye :: essays research papers

The Catcher and the Rye is a very controversial book even today. Many schools and libraries across the country have banned this book for various reasons. This paper will explore some of these reasons why this book is still causing debates among educators. To first understand why this book has caused so many debates we have to look at the time it was written in, the 1950’s. In the 1950’s the world was just recovering from the devastations of World War II, which ended five years ago. The United States emerged as a Super Power, the wealthiest nation and the American way of life envied throughout the Western world. This was a time when people were friendlier, more caring, and honest. People were not afraid to leave their homes without locking their doors. Neighbors were always there to help you for whatever reason and, families were close knit. They would have dinner each night, watch television, and do activities together. Children in this time were brought up to respect their elders, conform, and behave according to the their elder’s values. Most of them did so, although a growing spirit of rebellion and a new assertiveness of ideas and styles soon developed. The term â€Å"teenager† became widely used. Teena gers found their own taste in music and fashion. Girls were most likely found wearing clothes like people that they saw on television and the movies. Music had also changed. Teenagers were very fond of a new type of music known as Rock And Roll. Bill Haley and his band was just one group that caused a stir among the elders as to what was respectable, and banned Haley’s movie as well as his record from jukeboxes. This was the first measure that elders took to â€Å"save the children†, from destroying their values. However, the media with magazines, radio, television and the movies fueled the ideas of being a teenager. One popular song of this time was â€Å"All Shook Up† by Elvis Presley that seems to symbolize this time in history. (Stacy & Finkelstein) One author J.D. Salinger wrote his first novel during this time and added to the controversy by his writing style. Salinger chose to write his novel in the first person, told by a seventeen year old boy named Holden Claudfield. Throughout the novel, Holden uses foul language, discussed sexual matter, and rejects the traditional American ideas.

Prometheus Bound Essay

In the play â€Å"Prometheus Bound† by Aeschylus, it states ideas about the concept of power through force. The play deals with conflict between force and intelligence which realates to the main concept of power and force. At the beginning of the play, Hephaestus is joined by Kratos, who represents power, and Bia, representing force. Heaphaestus chains Prometheus while Kratos abuses him and Bia stays silent throughtout the enchaintment. While Hephaestus has sympathy for Prometheus, Kratos reminds him that this is Zeus’ punishment for stealing fire from the gods and giving it to mankind. When Prometheus tried to use his intelligence to help humanity by giving them the gift of fire, Zeus responds by using his force to punish Prometheus. Throughout the play, Prometheus knowledge makes it clear that without him, Zeus will fall by a power greater than his own. For this reason, Force can be an advantage than knowledge, but it cannot remain indefinitely without it. On pg 1(lines 4-11), it says â€Å"Ordained thee by the Father-to enchain this malefactor on yon mountain crags†¦.. and check his charity for man. This is significant because Prrometheus stole fire from the gods and Zeus, all powerful, punishes Prometheus by sending his assistants, Kratos (power) and Bia (force) with Hephaestus to enchain Prometheus to a mountain. Therefore, Zeus has the power and control over the other gods and immortals. Secondly, on pg. 43 (lines 12-16) continued on pg. 44 (lines 1-3) it says â€Å"No rack nor pillory can cause Zeus devise to move or make manifest these things†¦. not thus will he consrain my tongue to tell By whose hand he from tyranny shall fall. This is significant because Prometheus has the knowledge about the overthrow of power of Zeus. For this reason, knowledge or force beats power. Prometheus is a powerless immortal and victim of an unjust powerful god, Zeus, who rules by demands and laws. In this conflict, the idea that force requires thought and guidance to sustain it. Therefore, Aeschylus is stating that a resolution between knowledge and force can work together to avoid destruction. Prometheus knowledge, signifies that the idea that thought must be sustained. In this case, his judgement will save Zeus but his opposition to Zeus leads on the path to resolution.

Prejudice and Discrimination Essay

Analytical Factsheet on Prejudice & Discrimination on Class Inequality Section 1: Executive Summary This essay is about prejudice and discrimination occurring in Singapore context to address Class discrimination. This essay will also show reasons to why prejudice and discrimination occurs and the effects of such inequity can cause to the society. In this case studies possible measures and solutions will be highlighted and suggested. Section 2: The issues and who are involved. This essay will discuss the discrimination against foreign workers working in Singapore. I will be elaborating on how class discrimination has adverse impacts on society on economic level and social levels. I define foreign workers as a group of minority that come from different countries to work in Singapore. According to the 2009 Singapore Yearbook of Manpower Statistics, 37. 6% of Singapore’s population are made up of foreign workers (1. 1 million %). This proves that foreign workers are an important component of our labour force. (Construction (70. 7%), followed by manufacturing (46. 8%) and service (28. 9%) sectors. ) The reason why I chose this topic is that knowing that this group of people had contributed to the country’s growth, yet they still suffer from social inequality and it is an important to address such issues and to understand what leads to such prejudice and discrimination against them. The common stereotypes of foreign workers are they are dirty, have weird body odour, lack of proper hygiene, creates disturbance in housing areas. They tend to speak loudly, creating a lot of noise and being responsible for the crime rates in Singapore. (The Straits Times Nov 2007 they eat, litter, get drunk, urinate, sleep and even fight,) They are also classified as poor people, cheap labour, being lecherous and not very well educated, and people with ill intension. These stereotypes then evolve into prejudices and discrimination and people tend to believe such information because it is consistent with their stereotypes while dismissing contradictory information. Having such stereotypes, people will tend to avoid and be unwilling to mingle with this group of people. For example in the case of the dormitory being setup for a group of foreign workers near the Serragoon gardens issue, it has brought about a big fiasco. Residences were worried about the safety and security in the neighbourhood. Working in a foreign country somehow shows that they are poor, in need of money and thus creating an impression that they wouldn’t hesitant to break in into houses to steal. (CNA October 3rd 2008 Dormitory decision upsets some Sera goon Gardens residents) It clearly shows how they are being mistreated by allocating their living quarters next to the cemetery to prevent any social conflict between the locals and these foreigners. (The Online Citizen Nov 2009 Social isolation – left among the dead) Many of them are being deprived of proper housing conditions where many need to be squeeze into a small room. Dormitories provided were usually poorly facilitated and has very low hygiene standards and others stay at worksite which can be dangerous. (The Online Citizen Sept 2009 Special Feature Is Singapore Slum Free? ) Unsafe transportations were used to ferry these workers to the worksites. Due to these factors, resulting in cases where foreign workers’ lives were lost because their welfare and safety weren’t factor in as priority. (Asia One News the New paper June 2010 3 death 14 hurt in latest crash) This group of people are commonly discriminated by the derogatory name( chinaman, bangala) given to them and being viewed a ‘2nd class citizen’ due to the low paid jobs they have thus having low social status. And because of this they are often being disrespected, taken for granted and exploited in the labour market. (The Online Citizen October 5th 2009 Chinese worker issued with receipt containing vulgarities) Section 3: Why it is important for us to talk about it? Currently there are laws and regulation in Singapore to protect these foreign workers but much can be done to improve on the current situation. According to civil society organisation Transient Workers Count Too, Ministry of Manpower hands out booklets to foreign workers upon their arrival in Singapore. These booklets regarding the employment act are available in different languages, hotline number is also provided for workers to report abuses. But employers and agents, in many cases, confiscate these leaflets and brochures, thus such informations are unable to reach them. Public endorsement of the exploitation of foreign workers seems to be allow for businesses and ports in Singapore to run 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, 365 days a year on foreigners because the economic market have created an industrial and work culture that requires them to accepting conditions that local workers would not agree to. Thus businesses are allowed to cut corners by squeezing foreign workers dry. The restrictive work permit system, which ties foreign workers to a single employer, makes it difficult for them to negotiate for better working conditions let alone higher wages. Many were afraid to speak up fearing that they might lose their jobs. Returning to their countries is not what they are looking forward to as many have taken out loans of up to $9000 just to work in Singapore. These workers have to work for long hours to support their families and to re-pay their debt. Contracts that are written are usually not made clear to the workers. Employers made the contracts solely to protect their own needs, rather than creating an unbiased relationship between themselves and their workers. Unions on the other hand are limited to how much they can do to assist and help demand for better working conditions. When workers are poor and lack legal protection, they are often willing to work longer hours for lower wages. Hence, the reason employers are willing to hire foreign workers in favour of local workers is because working conditions of all low wage workers in general are poor to start with. With such social inequality present in a multi racial country, it is important to address these issues in order to uphold the country’s goal to foster good relationship between different groups of people and to maintain a presentable image in the global world. Most importantly is to educate and ensure growth of such sectors should not be made at the expense of these workers’ rights. Being a small country, the effects if a strike will to occur will affect the country drastically, it will only tell foreign investors that we are not strong enough to provide a stable policies for business dealing and human rights are being abuse thus reflecting badly on Singapore’s reputation. Hence it is important to make sure fair treatment is giving to them. Negative effects will surface if they decided to vacant these jobs and it will definitely crumble the industries that which employments of foreign workers are high. Section 4: Where can we start to fix the problem? To tackle the problems of such inequality, by raising awareness and creating opportunities for interaction is ideal. Giving foreign workers a medium to voice out their opinions is necessary for human rights and the Government should initiate sharing sessions with foreign workers where translators could be brought in to break down language barriers. To help ease the problem of exploitation, laws which work against bad lodging can be further enforce with stricter consequences. For example, improve living conditions so as basic necessities are provided. Reduce discriminatory behaviours acted towards this minority group, the media can also play a part to show that what dangerous or risky jobs are taken up by them to make our living lifestyle better and to address and give credit to their contributions. In addition, subjects such as civics and moral education can be used to reach out to educate students about discrimination at a younger age. References: 1. The Online Citizen Nov 2009 Social isolation – left among the dead http://theonlinecitizen. com/2009/11/social-isolation-left-among-the-dead/ 2. Asia One News the New paper June 2010 3 death 14 hurt in latest crash http://news. asiaone. com/News/The+New+Paper/Story/A1Story20100623-223657. html 3. The Online Citizen Sept 2009 Special Feature Is Singapore Slum Free? http://theonlinecitizen. com/2009/09/toc-special-feature-is-singapore-really-slum-free/ 4. Transient Worker Count too http://www. twc2. org. sg/site/newsletters/2008-sept-oct. html 5. The Straits Times Nov 2007 they eat, litter, get drunk, urinate, sleep and even fight, http://www. straitstimes. com/print/Free/Story/STIStory_180230. html 6. The Online Citizen October 5th 2009 Chinese worker issued with receipt containing vulgarities http://theonlinecitizen.com/2009/10/chinese-worker-issued-with-receipt-containing-vulgarities/ 7. Fit to Post June 24th 2010 Recognizing the work and sacrifice of foreign workers http://sg. yfittopostblog. com/2010/06/24/recognising-the-work-and-sacrifice-of-foreign-workers/ 8. The Online Citizen March 6th 2010 Foreign Workers Contract http://theonlinecitizen. com/2010/03/foreign-worker-contracts/ 9. Ministry of Manpower http://www. mom. gov. sg/Pages/default. aspx 10. CNA October 3rd 2008 Dormitory decision upsets some Serragoon Gardens residents http://www. channelnewsasia. com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/380077/1/. html.